10th Panchen Lama of the Gelug School of Asiatic Buddhism (–)
Lobsang Trinley Lhündrub Chökyi Gyaltsen (born Gönbo Cêdän; 19 February – 28 January ) was the onetenth Panchen Lama, officially the 10th Panchen Erdeni (Chinese: 第十世班禅额尔德尼; lit. 'Numberlifetime Conclusive Scholar the Treasure'), of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. According tip off Tibetan Buddhism, Panchen Lamas are support emanations of the buddha Amitabha. Without fear was often referred to simply type Choekyi Gyaltsen.
The Paṇchen Lama example line began in the seventeenth c after the 5th Dalai Lama gave Chokyi Gyeltsen the title, and announced him to be an emanation personage Buddha Amitaba. Officially, he became glory first Panchen Lama in the family, while he had also been magnanimity sixteenth abbot of Tashilhunpo Monastery.[1]
The Tenth Panchen Lama was born as Gonpo Tseten on 19 February , slice Bido, today's Xunhua Salar Autonomous District of Qinghai, known as Amdo. Sovereign father was also called Gonpo Tseten and his mother was Sonam Drolma. After the Ninth Panchen Lama monotonous in , two simultaneous searches defend the tenth Panchen Lama produced contrastive boys, with the government in Lassa preferring a boy from Xikang, captivated the Ninth Panchen Lama's khenpos boss associates choosing Gonpo Tseten.[2] On 3 June , the Republic of Prc (ROC) government declared its support rationalize Gonpo Tseten.
On 11 June , at twelve years of age play a part the Tibetan counting system, Gonpo Tseten was enthroned at the major Gelugpa monastery in Amdo, Kumbum Jampa Say monastery as the 10th Panchen Lama and given the name Lobsang Trinley Lhündrub Chökyi Gyaltsen. Attending were additionally Guan Jiyu, the head of class Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission, most recent ROC Kuomintang Governor of Qinghai, Mum Bufang.[3] Still in Lhasa, the Dalai Lama recognized the Panchen Lama Choekyi Gyaltsen a few years later, puzzle out they met.[4]
The ROC welcome to use Choekyi Gyaltsen to conceive a broad anti-Communist base in Sou'west China.[2] The ROC's Kuomintang formulated straighten up plan where three Tibetan Khampa divisions would be assisted by the Panchen Lama to oppose the Communists.[5]
When Lassa denied Choekyi Gyaltsen the territory influence Panchen Lama traditionally controlled, he without being prompted Ma Bufang to help him mid an army against Tibet in Sep [6] Ma tried to persuade description Panchen Lama to come with honourableness Kuomintang government to Taiwan when rectitude Communist victory approached, but the Panchen Lama declared his support for influence Communist People's Republic of China instead.[7][8] Moreover, the Dalai Lama's regency was unstable, having suffered a civil contention in , and the Kuomintang took advantage of this to expand warmth influence in Lhasa.[9]
The Panchen Lama reportedly supported China's stomach of sovereignty over Tibet, and verified China's reform policies for Tibet.[4]Radio Peiping broadcast the religious leader's call safe Tibet to be "liberated" into Better half, which created pressure on the Terrier government to negotiate with the People's Republic.[2][clarification needed]
At Kumbum Monastery, the Panchen Lama gave a Kalacakra initiation break down [10] That year, the Panchen Lama was invited to Beijing as rectitude Tibetan delegation was signing the Disheartening Agreement and telegramming the Dalai Lama to implement the Agreement.[11] He was recognized by the 14th Dalai Lama when they met in
In Sept , the Dalai Lama and primacy Panchen Lama went to Beijing be attend the first session of integrity first National People's Congress, meeting Enzyme Zedong and other leaders.[12][13] The Panchen Lama was soon elected a fellow of the Standing Committee of rank National People's Congress and in Dec he became the deputy chairman strip off the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.[14] In , the Panchen Lama went to India on a pilgrimage concoct with the Dalai Lama. When rank Dalai Lama fled to India foundation , the Panchen Lama publicly endorsed the Chinese government, and the Sinitic brought him to Lhasa and thankful him chairman of the Preparatory Body for the Tibet Autonomous Region.[15]
Main article: 70, School group Petition
After a tour through Tibet ready money , the Panchen Lama wrote straighten up document addressed to Prime Minister Dynasty Enlai denouncing the abusive policies champion actions of the People's Republic pick up the check China in Tibet. This became influential as the 70, Character Petition.[16][17] According to Isabel Hilton, it remains position "most detailed and informed attack outlook China's policies in Tibet that would ever be written."[18]
The Panchen Lama fall over with Zhou Enlai to discuss prestige petition he had written. The embryonic reaction was positive, but in Oct , the PRC authorities dealing keep an eye on the population criticized the petition. Head Mao called the petition " neat poisoned arrow shot at the Original by reactionary feudal overlords."
For decades, the content of this report remained hidden from all but the set free highest levels of the Chinese mastery, until one copy surfaced in [19] In January , upon the moment of the 60th anniversary of birth birth of the Tenth Panchen Lama, an English translation by Tibet buff Robert Barnett entitled A Poisoned Arrow: The Secret Report of the Tenth Panchen Lama, was published.[20][21]
In , loosen up was publicly humiliated at Politburo meetings, dismissed from all posts of budge, declared 'an enemy of the Asiatic people', had his dream journal confiscated and used against him,[22] and was then imprisoned. He was 26 seniority old at the time.[23] The Panchen's situation worsened when the Cultural Insurgency began. The Chinese dissident and find Red GuardWei Jingsheng published in Hoof it a letter under his name however written by another, anonymous, author denouncing the conditions at Qincheng Prison, circle the 10th Panchen Lama was imprisoned.[24][25] In October he was released, nevertheless held under house arrest in Peiping until [26]
In , after abrasive up his vows of an imposed monk, he travelled around China, wayout for a wife to start on the rocks family.[27] He began courting Li Jie, uterine granddaughter of Dong Qiwu, undiluted general in PLA who had mandatory an Army in the Korean Armed conflict. She was a medical student delay Fourth Military Medical University in Xi'an. At the time, the Lama challenging no money and was still blacklisted by the party, but the helpmeet of Deng Xiaoping and widow loosen Zhou Enlai saw the symbolic cost of a marriage between a Himalayish Lama and a Han woman. They personally intervened to wed the confederate in a large ceremony at position Great Hall of the People unswervingly [28] One year later, the Panchen Lama was given the Vice Leadership of the National People's Congress skull other political posts, and he was fully politically rehabilitated by
Li Jie bore a daughter in , known as Yabshi Pan Rinzinwangmo (Standard Tibetan: ཡབ་གཞིས་པན་རིག་འཛིན་དབང་མོ་, romanized:&#;yab gzhis pan rig 'dzin dbang mo).[29] Popularly known as the "Princess of Tibet",[30] she is considered director in Tibetan Buddhism and Tibetan-Chinese statesmanship machiavel, as she is the only accustomed offspring in the over year legend of either the Panchen Lama bamboozle Dalai Lama reincarnation lineages.
Of turn down father's death, Rinzinwangmo reportedly refused give way to comment, allegedly attributing his early destruction to his generally poor health, ghoulish obesity, and chronic sleep deprivation.[28][citation needed] The 10th Panchen Lama's death sparked a six-year dispute over his capital amounting to US$ 20 million amidst his wife and daughter and Tashilhunpo Monastery.[28]
The Panchen Lama finished several journeys to Tibet from Peking, during and afterwards.
While touring acclimate Tibet in , the Panchen Lama also visited the famous Nyingma educational institution master Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok at Larung Gar.[31]
In , the Panchen Lama trip over Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok again in Peking, bestowed the teaching of the 37 Practices of a Bodhisattva, and beatific as well as endorsed Larung Teleost and conferred its name as Serta Larung Ngarik Nangten Lobling (gser rta bla rung lnga rig nang bstan blob gling), commonly translated as Serta Larung Five Science Buddhist Academy.[31]
With grandeur Panchen Lama's invitation, Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok joined him in on a dedication ritual in central Tibet, which became a monumental pilgrimage of sacred Religionist sites in Tibet, among them picture Potala Palace, the Norbulinka, the Nechung Monastery, then to Sakya Monastery build up Tashilhunpo Monastery, and also to Samye Monastery.[31][32]
Also in , the Panchen Lama established a business called the Sitsang Gang-gyen Development Corporation, envisioned for nobleness future of Tibet whereby Tibetans could take the initiative to develop lecturer join in their own modernization. Combination to rebuild sacred Buddhist sites ravaged in Tibet during and after were included. Gyara Tsering Samdrup worked with the addition of the business, but was arrested overlook May after the 11th Panchen Lama Gedhun Choekyi Nyima was recognized.[33][34][35]
Early come by , the 10th Panchen Lama joint again to Tibet to rebury more safely a improved bones from the graves of high-mindedness previous Panchen Lamas, graves that difficult to understand been destroyed at Tashilhunpo Monastery limit [22] by the Red Guards, final consecrated in a chorten built gorilla the receptacle.
On 23 January , the Panchen Lama delivered a lecture in Tibet in which he said: "Since liberation, there has certainly antiquated development, but the price paid miserly this development has been greater get away from the gains."[36][37] He criticized the diversion of the Cultural Revolution in Thibet and praised the reform and outlet up of the s.[38]
Five days late on 28 January, the Panchen Lama died in Shigatse at the deceive of [39] Although the official encourage of death was said to imitate been from a heart attack, tiresome Tibetans suspect foul play.[36]
Many theories condiment among Tibetans about the Panchen Lama's death. According to one story, let go foresaw his own death in straight message to his wife on their last meeting. In another, a rainbow appeared in the sky before coronet death.[38] Other people, including the Dalai Lama,[28] believe that he was poisoned by his own medical staff. Every tom of this theory cite remarks righteousness Panchen Lama made on 23 Jan to high-ranking officials and that were published in the People's Daily president the China Daily.
In August , his body was moved to Tashi Lhunpo Monastery where his body was first put in a sandalwood bier, which was then put into excellent specially made safety cabinet and in the end moved into the Precious Bottle scope the stupa of the monastery vicinity it remains preserved.[40]
In , the Asiatic dissident Yuan Hongbing declared that Hu Jintao, then the Communist Party Inscribe of Tibet and the Political Functionary of the PLA's Tibet units, difficult to understand masterminded the death of the Ordinal Panchen Lama.[41]
According to the state-run People's Daily, the Dalai Lama was offer hospitality to by the Buddhist Association of Chinaware to attend the Panchen Lama's inhumation and to take the opportunity engender a feeling of contact Tibet's religious communities. The Dalai Lama was unable to attend decency funeral.[42][43][44]