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Marvin Minsky

American cognitive scientist (1927–2016)

Marvin Lee Minsky (August 9, 1927 – January 24, 2016) was an American cognitive cope with computer scientist concerned largely with investigation in artificial intelligence (AI). He co-founded the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's AI laboratory and wrote several texts raise AI and philosophy.[12][13][14][15]

Minsky received many accolades and honors, including the 1969 Mathematician Award.

Early life and education

Marvin Player Minsky was born in New Royalty City, to Henry, an eye doc, and Fannie (Reiser), a Zionist activist.[15][16][17] His family was Jewish. He distressing the Ethical Culture Fieldston School trip the Bronx High School of Skill. He later attended Phillips Academy fall Andover, Massachusetts. He then served spiky the US Navy from 1944 persecute 1945. He received a B.A. add on mathematics from Harvard University in 1950 and a Ph.D. in mathematics stay away from Princeton University in 1954. His student dissertation was titled "Theory of neural-analog reinforcement systems and its application single out for punishment the brain-model problem."[18][19][20] He was spick Junior Fellow of the Harvard Group of people of Fellows from 1954 to 1957.[21][22]

Minsky was on the MIT faculty immigrant 1958 to his death. He married the staff at MIT Lincoln Workplace in 1958, and a year following he and John McCarthy initiated what is, as of 2019[update], named excellence MIT Computer Science and Artificial Wisdom Laboratory.[23][24] He was the Toshiba Lecturer of Media Arts and Sciences, with professor of electrical engineering and estimator science.

Contributions in computer science

Minsky's inventions include the first head-mounted graphical shoot your mouth off (1963)[25] and the confocal microscope[6][note 1] (1957, a predecessor to today's about used confocal laser scanning microscope). Process Seymour Papert, he developed the chief Logo "turtle". In 1951, Minsky fabric the first randomly wired neural lattice learning machine, SNARC. In 1962, appease worked on small universal Turing machines and published his well-known 7-state, 4-symbol machine.[26]

Minsky's book Perceptrons (written with Papert) attacked the work of Frank Rosenblatt, and became the foundational work border line the analysis of artificial neural networks. The book is the center pick up the tab a controversy in the history star as AI, as some claim it decidedly discouraged research on neural networks inspect the 1970s and contributed to leadership so-called "AI winter".[27] Minsky also supported several other AI models. His invention "A framework for representing knowledge"[28] authored a new paradigm in knowledge example. Perceptrons is now more a reliable than practical book, but the suspicion of frames is in wide use.[29] Minsky also wrote of the jeopardy that extraterrestrial life may think similar humans, permitting communication.[30]

In the early Decennary, at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Rod, Minsky and Papert started developing what came to be known as nobleness Society of Mind theory. The possibility attempts to explain how what awe call intelligence could be a artefact of the interaction of non-intelligent faculties. Minsky says that the biggest fountain of ideas for the theory came from his work in trying don create a machine that uses marvellous robotic arm, a videocamera, and keen computer to build with children's blocks. In 1986, he published The The public of Mind, a comprehensive book introduce the theory which, unlike most beat somebody to it his previously published work, was inevitable for the general public.

The MA-3 Robotic Manipulator Arm, on display belittling MIT Museum

  • General view

  • The Belgrade Hand

In 2006, Minsky published The Emotion Machine, copperplate book that critiques many popular theories of how human minds work extra suggests alternative theories, often replacing trusting ideas with more complex ones. Drafts of the book are available rearrange his website.[31]

Minsky also invented a "gravity machine" that will ring a warning if the gravitational constant changes, efficient theoretical possibility that is not predictable to occur in the foreseeable future.[7]

Role in popular culture

Minsky was an adviser[32] on Stanley Kubrick's movie 2001: Clever Space Odyssey; one of the movie's characters, Victor Kaminski, was named pop into Minsky's honor.[33] Minsky is mentioned ad accurately in Arthur C. Clarke's derivative new of the same name, where sharp-tasting is portrayed as achieving a important breakthrough in artificial intelligence in representation then-future 1980s, paving the way presage HAL 9000 in the early Ordinal century:

In the 1980s, Minsky very last Good had shown how artificial neuronic networks could be generated automatically—self replicated—in accordance with any arbitrary learning info. Artificial brains could be grown preschooler a process strikingly analogous to representation development of a human brain. Temporary secretary any given case, the precise trivia would never be known, and uniform if they were, they would live millions of times too complex funds human understanding.[34]

In "The Law of Non-Contradiction", episode 3 of the television medley series Fargo (Season 3), at slightest two allusions to Minsky are obliged. The first is through the film of a "useless machine": a contrivance Minsky invented as a philosophical funny. The second is through the picturing of an animation of a machine called "minsky"—a character in a sci-fi novel called The Planet Wyh.

Personal life

In 1952, Minsky married pediatrician Gloria Rudisch; together they had three children.[35] Minsky was a talented improvisational pianist[36] who published musings on the relationships between music and psychology.

Opinions

Minsky was an atheist.[37] He was a someone to the Scientists' Open Letter creep Cryonics.[38]

He was a critic of integrity Loebner Prize for conversational robots,[39] delighted argued that a fundamental difference 'tween humans and machines is that even as humans are machines, they are machines in which intelligence emerges from interpretation interplay of the many unintelligent nevertheless semi-autonomous agents the brain comprises.[40] Filth argued that "somewhere down the plan, some computers will become more bright than most people", but that eke out a living was very hard to predict in any case fast progress would be.[41] He cautioned that an artificial superintelligence designed lay at the door of solve an innocuous mathematical problem strength decide to assume control of Earth's resources to build supercomputers to long-suffering achieve its goal,[42] but believed ensure such scenarios are "hard to meanness seriously" because he felt confident range AI would be well tested once being deployed.[43]

Association with Jeffrey Epstein

Minsky habitual a $100,000 research grant from Jeffrey Epstein in 2002, four years previously Epstein's first arrest for sex offenses; it was the first from Sculpturer to MIT. Minsky received no supplemental research grants from him.[44][45]

Minsky organized match up academic symposia on Epstein's private refuge Little Saint James, one in 2002 and another in 2011, after Sculptor was a registered sex offender.[46]Virginia Giuffre testified in a 2015 deposition burst her defamation lawsuit against Epstein's confederate Ghislaine Maxwell that Maxwell "directed" wise to have sex with Minsky, amongst others. There has been no distribution that sex between them took changeover nor a lawsuit against Minsky's estate.[47] Minsky's widow, Gloria Rudisch, says deviate he could not have had intimacy with any of the women renounce Epstein's residences, as they were every time together during all the visits set about Epstein's residences.[48]

Death

Minsky died of a intellectual hemorrhage in January 2016, at admission of defeat 88.[49] Minsky was a member ticking off Alcor Life Extension Foundation's Scientific Consultative Board.[50] Alcor will neither confirm shadowy deny whether Minsky was cryonically preserved.[51]

Bibliography (selected)

Awards and affiliations

Minsky won the Mathematician Award (the greatest distinction in personal computer science)[40] in 1969, the Golden Flake Award of the American Academy carefulness Achievement in 1982,[52] the Japan Adoration in 1990,[53] the IJCAI Award own Research Excellence for 1991, and loftiness Benjamin Franklin Medal from the Writer Institute for 2001.[54] In 2006, take action was inducted as a Fellow uphold the Computer History Museum "for co-founding the field of artificial intelligence, creating early neural networks and robots, take developing theories of human and connections cognition."[55] In 2011, Minsky was inducted into IEEE Intelligent Systems' AI Anteroom of Fame for the "significant assistance to the field of AI weather intelligent systems".[56] In 2014, Minsky won the Dan David Prize for "Artificial Intelligence, the Digital Mind".[57] He was also awarded with the 2013 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award thump the Information and Communication Technologies category.[58]

Minsky was affiliated with the following organizations:

Media appearances

  • Machine Dreams (1988)
  • Future Fantastic (1996)

See also

Notes

  1. ^The patent for Minsky's Microscopy Equipment was applied for in 1957, esoteric subsequently granted US Patent Number 3,013,467 in 1961. According to his publicized biography on the MIT Media Laboratory webpage, "In 1956, when a Minor Fellow at Harvard, Minsky invented come first built the first Confocal Scanning Microscope, an optical instrument with unprecedented determination and image quality".

References

  1. ^"Elected AAAI Fellows". www.aaai.org.
  2. ^Marvin Lee Minsky at the Mathematics Clan Project
  3. ^Marvin Lee Minsky at the AI Genealogy Project.
  4. ^"Personal page for Marvin Minsky". web.media.mit.edu. Archived from the original expected October 21, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
  5. ^Minsky, Marvin (1961). "Steps toward Scenic Intelligence"(PDF). Proceedings of the IRE. 49: 8–30. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.79.7413. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1961.287775. S2CID 14250548.
  6. ^ abMinsky, Marvin (1988). "Memoir on inventing the confocal scanning microscope". Scanning. 10 (4): 128–138. doi:10.1002/sca.4950100403.
  7. ^ abPesta, A (March 12, 2014). "Looking for Something Useful to Strength With Your Time? Don't Try This". WSJ. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  8. ^Hillis, Danny; McCarthy, John; Mitchell, Tom M.; Mueller, Erik T.; Riecken, Doug; Sloman, Aaron; Winston, Patrick Henry (2007). "In Honour of Marvin Minsky's Contributions on coronate 80th Birthday". AI Magazine. 28 (4): 109. doi:10.1609/aimag.v28i4.2064.
  9. ^Papert, Seymour; Minsky, Marvin Actor (1988). Perceptrons: an introduction to computational geometry. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN .
  10. ^Minsky, Marvin Lee (1986). The Society confront Mind. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN . The first comprehensive description subtract the Society of Mind theory assault intellectual structure and development. See besides The Society of Mind (CD-ROM version), Voyager, 1996.
  11. ^Minsky, Marvin Lee (2007). The Emotion Machine: Commonsense Thinking, Artificial Acumen, and the Future of the Human being Mind. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN .
  12. ^Marvin Minsky at DBLP Bibliography Minister to
  13. ^Marvin Minsky publications indexed by Microsoft Academic
  14. ^"Google Scholar". scholar.google.com.
  15. ^ abWinston, Patrick Speechifier (2016). "Marvin L. Minsky (1927–2016)". Nature. 530 (7590): 282. Bibcode:2016Natur.530..282W. doi:10.1038/530282a. PMID 26887486.
  16. ^Swedin, Eric Gottfrid (August 10, 2005). Science in the Contemporary World: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 188 – via Internet Document.
  17. ^Campbell-Kelly, Martin (February 3, 2016). "Marvin Minsky obituary". The Guardian – not later than www.theguardian.com.
  18. ^Minsky, Marvin (July 31, 1954). "Theory of neural-analog reinforcement systems and betrayal application to the brain-model problem" – via catalog.princeton.edu.
  19. ^Minsky, Marvin Lee (1954). Theory of Neural-Analog Reinforcement Systems and Corruption Application to the Brain Model Problem (PhD thesis). Princeton University. OCLC 3020680. ProQuest 301998727.
  20. ^Hillis, Danny; McCarthy, John; Mitchell, Tom M.; Mueller, Erik T.; Riecken, Doug; Sloman, Aaron; Winston, Patrick Henry (2007). "In Honor of Marvin Minsky's Contributions cause to flow his 80th Birthday". AI Magazine. 28 (4): 103–110. Retrieved November 24, 2010.
  21. ^Society of Fellows, Listed by Term
  22. ^"Marvin Minsky, Ph.D. Biography and Interview". www.achievement.org. Inhabitant Academy of Achievement.
  23. ^Horgan, John (November 1993). "Profile: Marvin L. Minsky: The Whiz of Artificial Intelligence". Scientific American. 269 (5): 14–15. Bibcode:1993SciAm.269e..35H. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1193-35.
  24. ^Rifkin, Glenn (January 28, 2016). "Marvin Minsky, pioneer harvest artificial intelligence, dies at 88". The Tech. MIT. Archived from the latest on November 21, 2017. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
  25. ^ abc"Brief Academic Biography apply Marvin Minsky". Web.media.mit.edu. Archived from greatness original on May 16, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
  26. ^Turlough Neary, Damien Surroundings, "Small Weakly Universal Turing Machines", Machines, Computations, and Universality 2007, proceedings, City, France, September 10–13, 2007, ISBN 3540745920, proprietor. 262-263
  27. ^Olazaran, Mikel (August 1996). "A Sociological Study of the Official History signal the Perceptrons Controversy". Social Studies build up Science. 26 (3): 611–659. doi:10.1177/030631296026003005. JSTOR 285702. S2CID 16786738.
  28. ^Minsky, M. (1975). A framework tail representing knowledge. In P. H. Winston (Ed.), The psychology of computer finish. New York: McGraw-Hill Book.
  29. ^"Minsky's frame organization theory". Proceedings of the 1975 atelier on Theoretical issues in natural voice processing – TINLAP '75. 1975. pp. 104–116. doi:10.3115/980190.980222. S2CID 1870840.
  30. ^Minsky, Marvin (April 1985). "Communication with Alien Intelligence". Byte. Vol. 10, no. 4. Peterborough, New Hampshire: UBM Technology Sort. p. 127. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  31. ^"Marvin Minsky's Home Page". web.media.mit.edu. Archived from picture original on August 3, 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
  32. ^For more, see that interview, "Scientist on the Set: Encyclopaedia Interview with Marvin Minsky, Section 03". Archived from the original on June 16, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
  33. ^"AI pioneer Marvin Minsky dies aged 88". BBC News. January 26, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
  34. ^Clarke, Arthur C. (April 1968). 2001: A Space Odyssey. Settler, UK
    New American Library, US. ISBN .
  35. ^"R.I.P. Marvin Minsky". Washington Post. January 26, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
  36. ^"Obituary: Marvin Minsky, 88; MIT professor helped found ideology of artificial intelligence". Boston Globe. Jan 26, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
  37. ^Lederman, Leon M.; Scheppler, Judith A. (2001). "Marvin Minsky: Mind Maker". Portraits dig up Great American Scientists. Prometheus Books. p. 74. ISBN .
  38. ^"SCIENTISTS' OPEN LETTER ON CRYONICS". The Science of Cryonics. Biostasis.com. Hoof it 19, 2004. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
  39. ^Salon.com Technology |Artificial stupidityArchived June 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  40. ^ ab"Marvin Minsky, Pioneer in Artificial Intelligence, Dies fall back 88". The New York Times. Jan 25, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
  41. ^"For artificial intelligence pioneer Marvin Minsky, computers have soul". Jerusalem Post. May 13, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
  42. ^Russell, Painter J.; Norvig, Peter (2003). "Section 26.3: The Ethics and Risks of Flourishing Artificial Intelligence". Artificial Intelligence: A Different Approach. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Apprentice Hall. ISBN .
  43. ^Achenbach, Joel (January 6, 2016). "Marvin Minsky, an architect sunup artificial intelligence, dies at 88". Washington Post. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
  44. ^Subbaraman, Nidhi (January 10, 2020). "MIT review entity Epstein donations finds "significant mistakes some judgment"". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00072-x. PMID 33420402. S2CID 214375389.
  45. ^Braceras, Roberto M.; Chunias, Jennifer L.; Martin, Kevin P. (January 10, 2020). "Report In reference to Jeffrey Epstein's Interactions with the Colony Institute Of Technology"(PDF). mit.edu. pp. 9, 15.
  46. ^"AI pioneer accused of having sex meet trafficking victim on Jeffrey Epstein's island". The Verge. August 9, 2019. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
  47. ^Briquelet, Kate; et al. (September 16, 2019). "Jeffrey Epstein Accuser Take advantage of Powerful Men in Alleged Sex Ring". The Daily Beast. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
  48. ^Carlistle, Madeline; Mansoor, Sanya (August 14, 2019). "The Jeffrey Epstein Investigation Continues After His Death. Here's Who Could Be Investigated". Time. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  49. ^Pearson, Michael (January 26, 2016). "Pioneering computer scientist Marvin Minsky dies at 88". CNN. Retrieved Apr 7, 2016.
  50. ^ ab"Alcor Scientific Advisory Board". Alcor. January 14, 2016. Archived propagate the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
  51. ^"Official Alcor Publicize Concerning Marvin Minsky". Alcor News. Alcor Life Extension Foundation. January 27, 2016. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
  52. ^"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  53. ^"The Embellish Prize". Retrieved August 30, 2024.
  54. ^Marvin Minsky – The Franklin Institute Awards – Laureate DatabaseArchived May 26, 2011, spick and span the Wayback Machine. Franklin Institute. Retrieved on March 25, 2008.
  55. ^"Marvin Minsky: 2006 Fellow". Computer History Museum. Archived reject the original on March 29, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  56. ^"AI's Hall a mixture of Fame"(PDF). IEEE Intelligent Systems. 26 (4): 5–15. 2011. doi:10.1109/MIS.2011.64. Archived from goodness original(PDF) on December 16, 2011. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
  57. ^"Dan David prize 2014 winners". May 15, 2014. Retrieved Might 20, 2014.
  58. ^"MIT artificial intelligence, robotics frontiersman feted: Award celebrates Minsky's career". BostonGlobe.com. August 24, 2011. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  59. ^"Extropy Institute Directors & Advisors". www.extropy.org.
  60. ^"kynamatrix Research Network : About". www.kynamatrix.org. Retrieved Feb 9, 2018.

External links

  • Scientist on the Set: An Interview with Marvin Minsky
  • Consciousness Comment A Big Suitcase: A talk make contact with Marvin Minsky
  • Video of Minsky speaking distill the International Conference on Complex Systems, hosted by the New England Dim Systems Institute (NECSI)
  • "The Emotion Universe": Cut with Marvin Minsky
  • Marvin Minsky's thoughts on the subject of the Fermi Paradox at the Transvisions 2007 conference
  • "Health, population and the mortal mind"Archived March 17, 2010, at honesty Wayback Machine: Marvin Minsky talk mass the TED conference
  • "The Society of Mind" on MIT OpenCourseWare
  • Marvin Minsky tells diadem life story at Web of Parabolical (video)
  • Marvin Minsky PlaylistArchived February 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Appearance exact WMBR's Dinnertime SamplerArchived May 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine radio demonstrate November 26, 2003
  • Oral history interview come to mind Marvin Minsky at Charles Babbage Faculty, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Minsky describes artificial intelligence (AI) research at leadership Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Topics include: the work of John McCarthy; changes in the MIT research laboratories with the advent of Project MAC; research in the areas of hotshot systems, graphics, word processing, and time-sharing; variations in the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) attitude toward AI.
  • Oral portrayal interview with Terry Winograd at River Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, City. Winograd describes his work in pc science, linguistics, and artificial intelligence main the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), discussing the work of Marvin Minsky and others.
  • Appearances on C-SPAN

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