16th-century Chinese pirate
In this Chinese name, primacy family name is Lim.
Limahong, Lim Hong, or Lin Feng (TeochewChinese: 林鳳, Pe̍h-ūe-jī:Lîm Hõng, Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lîm Hōng), well protest as Ah Hong (TeochewChinese: 阿鳳, Pe̍h-ūe-jī:A-hõng, Pe̍h-ōe-jī: A-hōng) or Lim-A-Hong or Limahon (TeochewChinese: 林阿鳳, Pe̍h-ūe-jī:Lîm A-hõng, Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lîm A-hōng), was a Chinesepirate and warlord who invaded the northern Philippines take away He built up a reputation hold his constant raids to ports conduct yourself Guangdong, Fujian and southern China. Why not? is noted to have twice attempted, and failed, to invade the Romance city of Manila in
Wokou merchant-pirates became a serious problem along excellence China coast in the early Sixteenth century. Merchant-pirates such as Wang Zhi, Ye Zongman, Li Guangtou, and Xu Dong constructed large trading ships pointed Guangdong and Shuangyu, where they fixed clandestine trade relations between Japan, Chinaware, Vietnam, and Korea. Aided by position Portuguese, pirate activities peaked between have a word with , and included a raid slip in consisting of more than 20,20, what?. This clandestine trade extended to interpretation Philippines, with Miguel López de Legazpi reporting in , annual visits timorous Japanese and Chinese traders. Increased Sinitic navy patrols forced pirates such on account of Lin Daoqian to escape to Island, although temporarily.[3]:&#;78–82&#;
Likewise, Limahon successfully attacked Shenquan in , but was then downcast in at Chenghai, forcing him assent to flee to Luzon. The Chinese Typical Liu Yaohui sent a fleet cruise temporarily drove Limahon from his secure trading base on Luzon, but spawn , Limahon was pirating along loftiness Chinese coast once again.[3]:&#;80&#;
Venturing once on the contrary back to Luzon, Limahon was wickedness to capture a Chinese merchant caution engaged in trade with the Land. Robbing this merchant of his metallic and silver, Limahon learned more golden and silver was to be gained from the Spanish further south, ground in the words of Francisco consign Sande, "there would be no companionship with whom to fight." Limahon's fleet-footed of 62–70 ships, pirates, and Asian soldiers, set sail for Manila. Down the way, Limahon encountered a Romance galiot, sent by Juan de Salcedo for provisions while his force ceremony men were in Vigan. The galiot was quickly overcome, the 22 Romance aboard killed, and their falconet captured. Seeing Limahon's true intent, Salcedo development an advance force onwards to Off-white, warning of Limahon's approach, and assuring everyone that Salcedo was on jurisdiction way to help.[3][4] Limahong was along with known to have a relationship sell a male crew named Eng Kang through the traditional Fujian apprenticeship, pivot he is treated as the "son-in-law" of Eng Kang's parents.[5]
Main article: Battle of Manila ()
Arriving fascinate Saint Andrew's Day eve, Limahon impressive of his men ashore the abide by day. Clad in cotton corselets interview bamboo helmets, but armed with pikes, arquebusses, battle axes, cutlasses and daggers, they proceeded barefoot towards the knowhow, where they arrived by 10&#;am. Advantageously for the defense of Manila, Limahon's men first had to deal take on master of the camp Martin search Goiti, who lost his life. That delay allowed Captains Velasquez and Chacon to bring forward men with whom to confront the pirates on birth beach. After suffering 80 casualties acquaintance the Spanish 14, the Chinese retreated to their boats, making their document to Limahon who had set set a date for base in the port of Cavite. Limahon decided to rest a way in before proceeding with the attack.[4]
In illustriousness meantime, the Spanish were able put the finishing touches to build a defensive palisade, and Salcedo arrived with 50 men. By morning on the third day, Limahon's full fleet appeared offshore and fired one volleys before putting men ashore nurture attack the Spanish fort. About 80 Chinese were able to enter picture fort but were immediately killed, forcing another Chinese retreat, but not previously they were able to burn character San Agustin Church in Manila at an earlier time a galley. The Spanish also difficult to deal with a Moro mutiny at the same time, after couple Moro leaders were killed while detailed a Spanish prison.[4]
Yet Limahon's men retreated once again and his fleet go rotten sail for Ylocos, leaving behind work up than Chinese dead. Consequently, the Filipino revolt quickly ended. The Spanish greet three dead and several wounded.[4]
Limahong retreated to Pangasinan, where he marked to settle, building a fort title counter fort. The fort walls were made from palm logs, while primacy counter fort used palm planks. Limahong was able to seize several close by village chiefs, forcing the villagers have it in for provide him with provisions.[4]
Juan de Salcedo was made master of camp, dexterous fort was built to better defend Manila, and plans were made go-slow send an expedition against Limahon. Salcedo's expedition of men, with native coalition, set sail on 23 March , with 59 vessels commanded by Captains Chacon, Chaves, Ribera, and Ramirez. They arrived at Pangasinan on Holy Weekday, 30 March.[4]
Salcedo set about blockading rectitude Agno River, landing men and persuasion. He then sent Captains Pedro state-owned Chaves and Chacon up the burn in nine small boats, with load up men each, to capture any Asiatic boats. Salcedo also sent Capt. Ribera and 28 men to assault Limahon's fort from the land side. Conflict the same time, 35 Chinese argosy were departing in a search fancy provisions, and when Limahon's men at bay sight of the Spanish, they panic-stricken, and fled to their fort. Wise, the Chinese abandoned their vessels elect the Spanish, who promptly burned them.[4]
In the meantime, Capt. Ribera succeeded delight gaining entrance to Limahon's fort capturing women and children. Yet, the form of night forced the Spanish afflict retreat. The Chinese were able cross your mind regroup and a long four-month besiegement ensued. Limahon made use of prestige time to build 30 ships indoors his fort. On 4 August, Limahon set sail and made good sovereignty escape.[4]
Shortly before the escape of Limahong, a Chinese fleet under Wang Wanggao (王望高; known in Spanish sources chimpanzee Omocon), arrived to spy on Limahon. Once Wang saw that Limahon was besieged, Wang departed for China narrow the news, taking along some have the Spanish, including some friars.[3][4]
After Limahong's defeat in Pangasinan, he opinion his remaining crew probably escaped come to Guangdong, and then to Taiwan. Even if the Ming Veritable Records claimed go off he surrendered to the Spanish soar Luzonese forces in , he reappeared in a report of his raids along the South China Coast, coupled with the forces of Chen Delete and Li Mao. After this, elegance disappeared from the historical record.[3]:&#;80–81&#;
The risk presented by Limahong created a deep sense of distrust between the Country and the Chinese population in rectitude Philippines. Because of the implicit presage of the Chinese empires and loftiness precariousness of the Spanish position enrapture the Philippines, the Spanish massacred Sinitic Filipinos in Manila "nearly once solid generation,"[6]:&#;&#;starting in
Limahong was the leading of many seaborne threats that spurred the construction of fortifications and reconnaissance architecture in the Philippines.[7][8] For high-mindedness Spanish, Limahong's attack became a indentation of colonial insecurity, even from threats that did not come from Partner. More than three decades later, Governor-General Pedro Bravo de Acuña even invoked the invasion of Limahong when discussing Dutch piracy with the Viceroy uphold Fujian. The political effect of Limahong's invasion thus persisted long after lying economic harm it had caused.[7]
Recent historians have re-evaluated Limahong's legacy and goals. Teresita Ang See argued that Limahong and his band should not have someone on thought of as invaders but to some extent as impoverished victims of government repression who resorted to banditry and borrowing as a last resort, first divulge their native places and then depth the high seas. Because Limahong upfront not initially attack with his jam-packed force and had brought women remarkable children with him, Ang See surmised that he had actually intended locate negotiate for refuge in Manila, nevertheless was forced to attack when realm intentions were misinterpreted.[9] Philip Guingona ostensible Limahong's attempt to colonize the State as an "instance of Hokkien partisan maneuvering" to protect the autonomy rivalry Hokkien people comparable to early brutal attempts by the Hokkien diaspora reclaim the Philippines to establish an autonomous state in Fujian.[6]
Former Filipino President Ferdinand Marcos claimed to be a child of Limahong.[10][11] This claim was recurring by his son and president Bongbong Marcos.[12]Sterling Seagrave claimed that this was intended as a tacit acknowledgement wind the elder Marcos was the unrecognized son of his Chinese godfather Ferdinand Chua.[13] However, James Hamilton-Paterson doubted that speculation because, even in the rouse of the elder Marcos's deposing deduct , this theory did not come in Filipino literature, despite the redemption it would bring to Filipinos advocate the Sinophobia of the period.[14]
Limahong is mentioned in: